Forest Trees and their Perceived Negative Impacts on Cocoa Plantations in Southern Nigeria

Abstract

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is a key agricultural crop in Southern Nigeria, contributing
significantly to the livelihoods of rural populations and the nation’s economy. However,
forest trees within cocoa plantations are often perceived by farmers to negatively affect
cocoa production through resource competition, excessive shade and the promotion of
pests and diseases. This study investigates farmers' perception of these negative effects
and examines the socio-economic factors influencing cocoa farming in Southern Nigeria.
Field data were collected from 138 cocoa farmers in Ondo, Osun, and Oyo states using
a multistage random sampling technique. The results showed that 66.0% of the farmers
believe that forest trees, particularly Cola gigantea and Spondias mombin, reduce cocoa
yield. The results further reveal that fifty-five percent of the farmers (55.0%) are middle
aged men with secondary education (51.0%), and hired labour (75.0%) is commonly
used. Chi-square analysis indicated significant relationships between cocoa yield,
farmers’ socio-economic characteristics, and the perceived negative impacts of forest
trees. Specifically, factors like age and educational status of the farmers significantly
influenced the perception of farmers on the effect of forest trees on cocoa production.
This study concludes that forest trees reduce cocoa yield but may be detrimental to cocoa
or any other crop. It is recommended that while forest trees offer ecological benefits,
their management must be well carried out. Also, selective tree retention for improved
shade management practices is recommended to maximize cocoa productivity and
maintain environmental sustainability.